統計的検定操作

検定コマンドは、入力データを分析して特定の仮説の妥当性を検証します。一般的な検定では、ある数値(検定統計量)を計算し、通常、その値を臨界値と比較して、検定仮説(H0)を受け入れるか、あるいは棄却するかを決定します。ほとんどの検定では、指定された有意水準 α(デフォルト値 0.05 または /ALPH フラグで指定)に対する臨界値を計算します。一部の検定では P 値を計算し、これを直接目的の有意水準と比較できます。

臨界値は従来、様々な有意水準と分布の尾部についてテーブルで公表されてきました。これらは統計的検定を実装する上で、最も困難な技術的側面です。臨界値は通常、適切な分布関数の累積分布関数の逆関数から得られます。つまり、次の式を解くことによって得られます。

ここでアルファは有意水準です。一部の分布(例えばフリードマン分布)では、CDF(累積分布関数)の計算が非常に計算負荷が高いため、パラメーターが非常に大きい場合には計算が非現実的となります。幸いなことに、パラメーターが大きくなる場合、通常は適切な近似解を見つけることができます。可能な限り、Igor Pro の検定は正確な臨界値と一般的な関連する近似値の両方を提供します。

臨界値と公表された表値の比較は時に興味深いものです。というのも、CDF が有限個の離散値(階段状)を取る場合の臨界値決定基準は標準化されていないように見えるからです。この場合、CDF は垂直遷移で (1-α) の値を取る可能性が高いため、垂直遷移の x 値を臨界値として使うか、あるいは次の垂直遷移の x 値を使うことができます。一部のテーブルは「保守的」なアプローチを反映し、次の遷移の x 値を出力します。

統計的検定操作は、結果の一部を履歴ウィンドウに出力し、現在のデータフォルダー内のウェーブに保存することができます。結果のウェーブには、操作に関連付けられた固定名が付いています。ウェーブ内の要素は、次元ラベルによって指定されます。/T フラグを使うと、次元ラベル付きのテーブルで操作の結果を表示することができます。このフラグの引数は、テーブルを終了するときの動作を決定します。全ての検定操作において /Q フラグを使うと履歴ウィンドウへの情報出力を制限でき、/Z フラグを使うと V_Flag 変数を -1 に設定した場合を除き、操作がエラーを報告しないようにできます。

統計的検定操作には、通常、指定された検定のいくつかのバリエーションが含まれます。適切なフラグを指定することで、通常、1つ以上のバリエーションを実行するように選択できます。以下のテーブルは、特定の検定名に関連付けられた操作を特定するためのガイドとして使用できます。

統計的検定

コマンド名 一般的な検定名
StatsAngularDistanceTest Performs non-parametric tests on the angular distance between sample data and reference directions for two or more samples contained in individual waves. Angular distance is defined as the shortest distance between two points on a circle (expressed in radians). See also Angular Distance Test Example.
StatsANOVA1Test Performs a one-way ANOVA test (fixed-effect model) and optionally the Brown and Forsythe test computing the F'' statistic and its associated degrees of freedom. See also ANOVA1 Test Example.
StatsANOVA2NRTest Performs a two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the data that has no replication, i.e., there is only a single datum for every level of each factor. See also ANOVA2(NR) Test Example.
StatsANOVA2RMTest Performs analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the data where replicates consist of multiple measurements on the same subject (repeated measures). See also ANOVA2(RM) Test Example.
StatsChiTest The test computes a Chi-squared statistic for comparing two distributions or a Chi-squared statistic for comparing a sample distribution with its expected values. In both cases the comparison is made on a bin-by-bin basis. See also Chi-Squared Test Example.
StatsCircularCorrelationTest Performs parametric or non-parametric tests for angular-angular and angular-linear correlations. The non-parametric test (/NAA) follows Fisher and Lee's modification of Mardia's statistic which is an analogue of Spearman's rank correlation. The parametric test for angular-angular correlation (/PAA) involves computation of a correlation coefficient (raa) and then evaluating the mean and variance of equivalent correlation coefficients computed from the same data but each time deleting a different pair of angles. The parametric test for angular-linear correlation (/PAL) involves compuation of the correlation coefficient (ral) which is then compared with a critical value from Chi-squared distribution. See also Angular-Correlation Test Example.
StatsCircularMeans Calculates the mean of a number of circular means. The results are the mean angle (grand mean), the length of the mean vector and optionally confidence interval around the mean angle. Other options include performing non-parametric second order analysis (Moore's version of Rayleigh's test), as well as parameteric second order analysis. See also Circular Means Test Example.
StatsCircularMoments Computes circular statistical moments and optionally performs angular uniformity tests for the input data. The extent of the calculation is determined by the requested moment. Optional flags include testing the uniformity of the distribution for ungrouped data using Kuiper statistic, the Rayleigh test for uniformity and computing linear order statistics. See also Circular Moments Test Example.
StatsCircularTwoSampleTest Performs second order analysis of angles. Using the appropriate flags you can choose between parametric or non-parametric, unordered or paired tests. The non-parametric paired-sample test (/NPR) is Moore's test for paired angles applied in second order analysis. The non-parametric second-order two-sample test (/NSOA) consists of pre-processing where the grand mean is subtracted from the two inputs followed by application of Watson's U2 test. The parametric paired-sample test (/PPR) is due to Hotelling. In this test the input should consist of both angular and vector length data. The test statistic is compared with a critical value from the F-distribution. The parametric second order two-sample test (/PSOA) is an extension of Hotelling one-sample test to second order analysis. See also Circular Two Sample Test Examples.
StatsCochranTest Performs Cochran's (Q) test on a randomized block or repeated measures dichotomous data. The operation computes Cochran's statistic and compares it to a critical value from a Chi-squared distribution which interestingly enough depends only of the significance level and the number of groups (columns). The Chi-square distribution is appropriate when there are at least 4 columns and at least 24 total data. See also Cochran Test Example.
StatsDunnettTest Performs the Dunnett test of comparing multiple groups to a control group. See also Dunnett Test Example.
StatsFriedmanTest Performs Friedman's test on a randomized block of data. The test is a non-parametric analysis of data contained in either individual 1D waves or in a single 2D wave. See also Friedman Test Example.
StatsFTest Performs the F-test on the two distributions contained in wave1 and wave2. The waves can be of any real numeric type. They can have arbitrary number of dimensions but they must contain at least two data points each. See also F Test Example.
StatsHodgesAjneTest Performs the Hodges-Ajne non-parametric test for uniform distribution around a circle. See also Hodges-Ajne Test Example.
StatsJBTest Performs the Jarque-Bera test for normality on numeric data in a single wave. See also Jarque-Bera simulation Example.
StatsKendallTauTest Performs the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test which computes a correlation coefficient τ (somewhat similar to Spearman's corelation) from the relative order of the ranks of the data. See also Kendall Tau Examples.
StatsKSTest Performs the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) goodness-of-fit test for comparing two continuous distributions. The first distribution is contained in the input wave. The second distribution can be expressed either as the optional wave or as a user function. See also Kolmogorov-Smirnov Examples.
StatsKWTest Performs the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test which examines variances using the ranks of the data. See also Kruskal-Wallis Examples.
StatsLinearCorrelationTest Performs correlation tests on the input waves. Results include the linear correlation coefficient with its standard error, the statistics t and F, Fisher's Z and its critical value. See also Linear Correlation Examples.
StatsLinearRegression Performs regression analysis on the input wave(s). Options include: Dunnett's multi-comparison test for the elevations and Tukey-type tests on multiple regressions. See also Linear Regression Examples.
StatsMultiCorrelationTest Performs various tests on multiple correlation coefficients. These include multiple comparisons with a control, multiple contrasts test and a Tukey-type multi comparison testing among the correlation coefficients. See also Multi-Correlations Examples.
StatsNPMCTest Performs a number of non-parametric multiple comparison tests. These include: Dunn-Holland-Wolfe test, Student-Newman-Keuls test and the Tukey-type (Nemenyi) multiple comparison test. The results are saved in the current data folder in the wave(s) corresponding to the optional flags. You can perform one or more of the supported tests depending on your choice of flags. Note that some tests are only appropriate when you have the same number of samples in all groups. This operation usually follows StatsANOVA1Test or StatsKWTest. See also Non-Parametric Multiple Comparison Examples.
StatsNPNominalSRTest Performs a non-parametric serial randomness test for nominal data consisting of two types. The null hypothesis of the test is that the data are randomly distributed. See also Serial Randomness Test.
StatsRankCorrelationTest Performs Spearman's rank correlation test. The operation ranks the two inputs and then computes the sum of the squared differences of ranks for all rows. Ties are handled by assigning an average rank and computing the corrected Spearman rank correlation coefficient with ties. See also Spearman Rank Correlation.
StatsResample BootStrap and Jacknife tests: Resamples the input wave by drawing (with replacement) values from the input and storing them in the wave W_Resampled. Flag options allow you to iterate the process and to compute various statistics on the drawn samples. See also Bootstrap and Jacknife Examples.
StatsScheffeTest Performs Scheffe's test for the equality of the means. The operation supports two basic modes. The default consists of testing all possible combinations of pairs of waves. The second mode tests a single combination where the precise form of H0 is determined by the coefficients of a contrast wave. See also Scheffe's Test Example.
StatsSRTest Performs a parametric or non-parametric serial randomness tests. The null hypothesis of the tests are that the data are randomly distributed. The parametric test for serial randomness is due to Young and the critical value is obtained from Mean Square Successive Difference distribution. The non-parametric test consists of counting the number of runs which are successive positive or successive negative differences between sequential data. If two sequential data are the same the operation computes two numbers of runs by considering the two possibilities where the equality is replaced with either a positive or a negative difference. The results of the operation include the number of runs up and down, the number of unchanged values the size of the longest run and its associated probability, the number of converted equalities and the probability that the number of runs is less than or equal to the reported number. A separate option in this operation is to run Marsaglia's GCD test on the input. See also Serial Randomness Tests.
StatsTTest Performs two kinds of T-tests: The first kind compares the mean of a distribution with a specified mean value and the second T-test compares the means of the two distributions contained in wave1 and wave2. See also T-Test Examples.
StatsTukeyTest Performs multiple comparison Tukey (HSD) test and optionally the Newman-Keuls test. See also Tukey-Test Examples.
StatsVariancesTest Performs Bartlett's or Levene's test to determine if the variances of the different waves are equal. See also Variances-Tests Examples.
StatsWatsonUSquaredTest Performs Watson's non-parametric two-sample U2 test for samples of circular data. The Watson U2 H0 postulates that the two samples came from the same population against the different populations alternative. The operation ranks the two inputs while accounting for possible ties. It then computes the test statistic U2 and compares it with the critical value. See also Watson U2 Test.Watson U2 Test.Watson U2 Test.
StatsWatsonWilliamsTest Performs the Watson-Williams test for two or more sample means. The Watson-Williams H0 postulates the equality of the means from all samples against the simple inequality alternative. The test involves the computation of the sums of the sine and cosine of all data from which a weighted r value (rw) is computed. According to Mardia, you should use different statistics depending on the size of rw: if rw>0.95 it is safe to use the simple F-statistic, while for 0.95>rw>0.7 you should use the F-statistic with the K correction factor. Otherwise you should use the t-statistic. The operation computes both the (corrected) F-statistic and the t-statistic as well as their corresponding critical values. See also Watson-Williams Test.
StatsWheelerWatsonTest Performs the non-parametric Wheeler-Watson test for two or more samples which postulates that the samples came from the same population. The extension of the test to more than two samples is due to Mardia. The test is not valid for data with ties. See also Wheeler-Watson Test.
StatsWilcoxonRankTest Performs the non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney two-sample rank test or the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test on data contained in the waves waveA and waveB. See also Wilcoxon Tests.
StatsWRCorrelationTest Performs a Weighted Rank Correlation test. The input waves contain the ranks of sequential factors. The test computes a Top-Down correlation coefficient using Savage sums. See also Weighted Rank Correlation.

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